Genetic Engineering

nsulin is required for the maintenance of blood sugar level in diabetic patients. This Insulin can be obtained as

1. Insulin of animal origin from the animals slaughtered in the slaughter house.

2. Insulin produced in or by E. Coli through the genetic engineering technology.

Insulin of animal origin may sometimes produce allergic reactions and thus may prove to be risky for life.

Insulin obtained from the E. Coli is found to be quite safe and hence widely used. The important requirements for obtaining any product through genetic engineering technology are

1. The host cell

2. Vector

3. Desired DNA

4. Specific Enzymes.

The recombinant DNA can be increased by its multiplication in the host cell. Bacteria and yeast are normally used as host cells. Vector is the one which carries DNA from one cell to another. The plasmids of bacteria are used as vectors.

It is now possible to synthesis DNA in the laboratory. DNA can be also obtained from the other cells by isolation and purification techniques. e.g. NIF genes,for nitrogen fixation gene are monoclonal antibiodies, insulin gene etc. The enzymes employed in this technology include the enzyme restriction endonuclease and the enzyme ligase. Enzyme restriction endonuclease cuts the DNA strand at a specific site . Enzyme Ligase joins the two DNA fragments.

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Hybridoma Technique

Hybridoma Technique is the most modern technique. By this technique special type of monoclonal antibodies against the harmful effects of cancerous cells as well as against the substances invading the body can be formed.

Procedure of Hybridoma Technique

1. An antigen is injected in the body of mice.

2. After a few days the lymphocytes in the spleen produce antibodies against the injected antigen.

3. At this time the spleen is taken out.

4. The lymphocytes (B cells) are isolated from the spleen.

5. These lymphocytes are then fused with cancerous cells in the presence of fusogen.

6. The cell, so formed by the fusion of two such cells is known as hybridoma.

Hybridoma is capable of cell division. Such Hybridoma cell can produce only one specific type of type of antibody. This antibody is called monoclonal antibody. The hybridoma cells are placed in nutrition free medium so that only hybridoma cells grow while other cells die. The hybridoma cells are then tested individually for their ability to produce required antibody. The hybridoma cells capable to produce required antibody are selected and allowed to multiply in the culture medium. Thus, the necessary amount of antibody can be obtained

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Transtutors is the best place to get answers to all your doubts regarding hybridoma technique, procedure of hybridoma technique, cell division, lymphocytes with examples. You can submit your school, college or university level homework or assignment to us and we will make sure that you get the answers you need which are timely and also cost effective. Our tutors are available round the clock to help you out in any way with biology.

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Transtutors has a vast panel of experienced biology tutors who specialize in the hybridoma technique and can explain the different concepts to you effectively. You can also interact directly with our biology tutors for a one to one session and get answers to all your problems in your school, college or university level biology. Our tutors will make sure that you achieve the highest grades for your biology assignments. We will make sure that you get the best help possible for exams such as the AP, AS, A level, GCSE, IGCSE, IB, Round Square etc.

Genes Influence Your Response to Others' Drinking Habits

Your genes may determine how likely you are to imitate the drinking habits of others, new research suggests.

In recent years, scientists have begun to illuminate the reasons some people adapt their drinking behavior to that of other people while others don't. Now, a study shows that the gene for the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) may influence one's sensitivity to others' alcohol consumption. The gene has previously been associated with novelty-seeking behavior and dependence on feel-good rewards brought on by, say, chocolate or cocaine.

In a study conducted at the Behavioral Science Institute in The Netherlands, researchers found that participants with a certain version of the DRD4 gene were more likely than others to drink more in response to seeing someone else drink heavily.

The science of bar behavior

In the name of science, the researchers constructed a make-shift bar in a university laboratory. They had participants work in pairs to watch and rate television commercials, and then told them they would have a break, during which they and their partners could wait at the bar.

But each participant was unknowingly paired with a person working with the researchers. These undercover agents were given specific instructions about how many alcoholic drinks to consume while waiting at the bar. The researchers observed the study participants to see if they followed suit.

Genetic analyses revealed that the students who most closely imitated their partner's drinking behavior possessed a version of the DRD4 gene called the 7-repeat allele, while the others didn't.

"Although we tested this among students and not alcoholics," said Helle Larsen, a co-author of the study that is published in the July issue of Psychological Science, "it could indeed mean that it is harder for recovering alcoholics that are carriers of the 7-repeat allele to refrain from drinking when exposed to alcohol cues."